Boiling Point Calculator

Material:

New Pressure (P2):

1. What is a Boiling Point Calculator?

Definition: This calculator determines the boiling point of a substance at a new pressure using the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, based on a known pressure, boiling point, and latent heat of vaporization for the substance.

Purpose: It is used in chemistry and engineering to predict boiling points under varying pressures, aiding in process design, safety analysis, and material handling.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the Clausius–Clapeyron relation:

\[ \ln\left(\frac{P_1}{P_2}\right) = -\frac{\Delta H}{R} \times \left(\frac{1}{T_1} - \frac{1}{T_2}\right) \]

Where:

\( P_1 \): Pressure at state 1 (predefined for the selected material, e.g., 1013.25 hPa)
\( P_2 \): Pressure at state 2 (user input)
\( T_1 \): Boiling point at state 1 (predefined for the selected material, in °C)
\( T_2 \): Boiling point at state 2 (calculated, in K, then converted to °C, °F, K)
\( \Delta H \): Latent heat of vaporization (J/mol, predefined for each material, e.g., 23,350 J/mol for Ammonia, originally 23.35 kJ/mol)
\( R \): Gas constant, 8.314 J/(K·mol)

Explanation: Select a material (e.g., Ammonia) from the dropdown, which shows the initial pressure (hPa), boiling point (°C), and latent heat (\(\Delta H\) in kJ/mol). Enter the new pressure (e.g., 25 hPa), and the calculator converts units, uses the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, and computes the boiling point in °C, °F, and K. The latent heat values are provided in kJ/mol and converted to J/mol for calculation.

3. Importance of Boiling Point Calculation

Details: Boiling point prediction under different pressures is crucial for process design, safety in chemical handling, and understanding phase transitions in various substances, impacting industrial and scientific applications.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Select a material from the list (noting its initial pressure, boiling point, and latent heat), input the new pressure with its unit, and ensure the pressure is positive. The calculator uses predefined data to compute the new boiling point accurately.

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